Older People Care (Social Care) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

More established People Care (Social Care) - Essay Example As per an overview â€Å"between 1971 and 2009 the extent of the UK populace matured under 16 years diminished from 25.5 percent to 18.7 percent, while the extent matured 75 and over expanded from 4.7 percent to 7.8 percent† (Beaumont 2011). It is normal that in UK, by 2018, residents over 65 will be more than those in the age gathering of 16. â€Å" It is evaluated that the quantity of occupants matured 90 and over expanded by 12 percent somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2009, that is from 388,200 to 436,500† (Beaumont 2011). (Estimating National Well-being †Population 2012). The level of more seasoned ladies is more in UK than that of men. Because of less number of passings there is some improvement in the insights. As ladies live longer contrasted with men, the level of old ladies is more.† In 2010 there were 2.56 ladies beyond 90 years old for each man of that age† (Population Aging: Statistics para 2). The odds of old ladies to remain alone are mo re than that of men. This extent develops with expanding age. â€Å"Among ladies matured 75 and over who live in private family units in Great Britain, 60 percent live alone contrasted with 36 percent of men of the equivalent age† (Population Aging: Statistics 2012). ... Ageism could frequently affect the choices people are given, this likewise influence the choices they take about these choices. â€Å"Traditionally, maturing has been seen as a ceaseless procedure of decrease. Lamentably, this generalizing brings about precise separation that cheapens senior residents and habitually denies them fairness. In his audit of the mentalities toward maturing appeared by humor, Pal increasingly (1986) found that old individuals were regularly depicted contrarily. The silliness would in general spotlight on physical and mental misfortunes, just as on diminishes in sexual appeal and drive. Jokes about more established ladies would in general be more negative than those about more established men† (Grant para 1996). Standing up to the idea of ageism is successfully done by the upgrade of positive speculation on the way toward maturing. A person’s mental self portrait relies much upon age, the person’s genuine age and, the age which the gene ral public thinks the individual in question is and the age which they think they are. Be that as it may, this idea changes when the individual arrives at the retirement age. At the point when one arrives at 65, the general public considers the individual â€Å"useless† while the individual despite everything views himself as or herself a functioning and dependable individual from the general public. They will in general carry on in an alternate manner.† These impressions regularly form into socially procured perspectives that influence how we manage people based on their age and thus influence the generalized individual’s self-idea and self â€esteem. What changes isn't more seasoned people’s ability to be overwhelming, profitable and innovative. Or maybe, society is reluctant to consider seniors to be imperative and dynamic givers a long ways past conventional retirement age, and numerous more established people assimilate this idea into own psyche set s† (The Effects of

Artist

Russian-Israeli craftsman who works for the most part with a palette-blade rather than customary brushes and oils. He was conceived on July 12, 1955. He moved on from Vittles Art School and he was one of the first class individuals from that school. He built up his own one of a kind strategy and style. He Is principally known similar to a self-speaking to craftsman since he sells and advances his work over the Internet. He was a battling craftsman since he couldnt sell his artistic creations before the progression of online deals and eBay.A couple of reasons he stood out to me are: he paints exceptionally brilliant, he rates distinctive scenes loaded with splendid hues and watery reflections, and the splendor to make his artworks positive and cheerful. Leonie Forearm was a cutting edge impressionistic craftsman. Impressionism is a nineteenth century craftsmanship development that started with a gathering of Paris-based craftsmen. He was conceived in a similar town as Marc Chalk in Vittles, Belabors and lived there until 1990. Marc Chalk later turned out to be Foremost good example. At that point, Forearm lived in Israel somewhere in the range of 1990 and 2002, from 2002 to 2010, In Florida, and now, he dwells In Mexico.Forearm did painting with oil and palette-blade. He paints essentially scene, seascapes, scenes, city scenes, blossoms, and representations. He cherishes felines and different creatures. He likewise has painted numerous works of art of felines, hounds, ponies, tigers, and giraffes. HIS compositions are incredibly bright, flawless, and proficient. Palette-blade Is fantastically hard to ace. It took Leonie 10 years to improve his palette-blade taking care of ability. He has gotten notable for his unmistakable style. Lower arm went to all the conceivable workmanship classes offered in his school and furthermore took riveter exercises from neighborhood artists.He was conceded in Vittles Education Institute where he contemplated expressions and designs after he graduated with respect from secondary school in Vittles. He was acquainted and later was impacted with crafted by March Chalk and Mandolin. His initial aesthetic work was very affected by them two. At that point when he moved to Israel, he met and became companions with Leonie Potashs, an Israeli Jazz artist, who Inspired Forearm to paint an assortment of representations of well known Jazz performers. Lower arm at that point painted many his most loved musicians.Leon Forearm Interests me on account of his one of a kind palette-blade strategy that Is difficult to get talented at and every one of his works of art bring various states of mind, hues, and feelings. Landscape and nature consistently moves me so I picked the correct craftsman. He communicates the excellence of this world in his works of art and his artistic creations look so genuine, words cannot clarify the magnificence of his canvases. Lower arm needs the watcher to see the world as far as he can tell. He has voyage a ton and has taken various pictures of various scenes that he later painted. His specialty can be reflected as positive on account of the brilliant hues he employments. Im going to utilize Lionesss work to rouse my dinnerware set. Im going to utilize brilliant hues and make a vivid scene to make my work amazing Like his. He Inspires me to buckle down on my work and to be inventive. His own remarkable procedure and style. He is for the most part known similar to a self-speaking to craftsman since he sells and advances his work over the web. He was a battling craftsman since he couldnt sell his works of art before the headway of online deals purpose his canvases positive and Joyous.

Handling Difficult People

The most effective method to deal with troublesome individuals General reason: To advise Specific reason: I will talk on the best way to deal with troublesome individuals Thesis proclamation: I will disclose how to deal with troublesome individuals by first presenting the subject and examining various approaches to deal with troublesome individuals. * Attention getter: â€Å"Difficult individuals are your key to self strengthening, you have to figure out how to adapt to them, not let them rule and influence you†. * Audience Motivation: So for what reason do we have to deal with troublesome people?Well in life we face more than one troublesome individuals and realizing how to deal with them won't simply improve this world yet makes your life much simpler and smooth. * Credibility: I have managed troublesome individuals for more than 10 years. I additionally took some assistance from my exploration articles and by perusing a book â€Å" how to deal with troublesome people† by John Townsed. * Thesis - Purpose: I will advise on the best way to deal with troublesome individuals - Preview: from the start, I will begin by clarify/characterizing troublesome people.Second, I will talk about various measures to deal with troublesome individuals and in conclusion I will rehash the primary concerns. I. In the first place, definition A. Handle B. Troublesome (Now that we have comprehended the importance , we can examine the measures. ) II. Time to talk about the measures. A. Understanding that individuals are hard for reason B. May be you are hard for him/her C. Step on his shoes and think D. Go to more significant position authority E. Evade him or don’t consider him Now that we realize how to deal with troublesome individuals, lets survey) 1. Synopsis: Today we have discovered that we can deal with troublesome individuals in different manners depending where and when. We discovered that we need to assume responsibility for ourselves first and be cauti ous on how you will respond. 2. Shutting: the more you stand up to troublesome individuals, the simpler it becomes. At the point when you go up against and handle troublesome individuals around you, individuals regard for your mental fortitude, your genuineness and power over yourself.Your partner, representatives or colleagues for instance and making constructive move, notwithstanding dread, is somewhat boldness every single effective individuals must need to succeed. Work Cited Townsend, John. Taking care of Difficult People: what to do when individuals attempt to press your catches. New York. Thomas Nelson. April 21, 2009. Print â€Å"Dumb Little Man | Tips forever. †Ã¢ 9 Useful Strategies to Dealing with Difficult People at Work. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www. dumblittleman. com/2009/07/9-valuable techniques to-managing. html>.

The Opium Wars Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Opium Wars - Research Paper Example In any case, when it developed, it multiplied quickly. By 1729 Chinese magnificent specialists were extremely stressed at the expanding instances of opium misuse and the destructive ramifications for the clients, that they deny opium refuges and prohibited the offer of opium. Selling opium-bound cigarettes turned into a wrongdoing and it conveyed a discipline of expelling or demise. However, the danger of such serious discipline didn't prevent the British opium vendors. In the last piece of the eighteenth century, the British started to seize China’s opium exchange from Holland and Portugal. This was encouraged by the way that practically the entirety of the opium exchanged China was created in India, which was a settlement of Britain at that point. During this time, the Indian city of Patna was the focal point of both Dutch and English opium industrial facilities. There were gossipy tidbits that the enormous opium processing plants in Patna created gigantic amounts of opium that can gracefully the entire of India. The opium developed in different areas of India raised colossal incomes for the British East India Company. In spite of the fact that the Chinese government was executing increasingly unbending guidelines to stop opium abuse and exchange, the British were applying their best exertion to help the offer of opium in China. Considering this target, the British East India Company propelled three wars against China to get the benefit to exchange opium China. The principal medicate war in mankind's history is the First Opium War. The main purpose behind the opium war was to access the Chinese market all together for the East India Company to continue with their selling of addictive, damaging medications in China.5 The opium exchange was entirely gainful for Britain, however it destroyed the lives of countless Chinese individuals. The offer of opium expanded consistently in China. However, when the British picked up control they further lift opium deals. There was firm assurance about the robustness and quality of the opium exchange China. The British representative general of India even proclaime d in 1830, â€Å"We are taking measures for expanding the development of the poppy, with a view to an enormous increment in the gracefully of opium†.6 In 1839, the First Opium War broke out when Chinese magnificent specialists blocked remote exchanging vessels and trained the British to hand over their illegal heap of opium. The royal specialists at that point trained the consuming of the sequestered boxes of opium. At the point when the official of the British naval force was educated regarding the guidance to crush British merchandise, he instructed India’s senator general to dispatch all the accessible boats to China to secure British riches. The armada was coordinated to Hong Kong, where they shielded the opium-stacked British exchanging ships.7 The Chinese sovereign conveyed Chinese throws out to hold off the British task force, yet they couldn't ward off the solid British warships. These wars realized innumerable setbacks; the British smothered, looted, and plund ered networks along the Chinese coast.8 The rest of the remnants of humankind had been cleared out to empower the ceaseless boundless stream of enormous benefits from the opium exchange. The British journalâ€the India Gazette†revealed about the obliteration of Chusan during the First Opium War. The diary expressed that all houses were ransacked and sacked, and that the ravaging proceeded until there were no more to plunder or quench. The First Opium War finished on the 29th of August 1842, and the Treaty of Nanking

Biological Aging What, In A Biological Sense, Is Aging - 2200 Words

Biological Aging: What, In A Biological Sense, Is Aging? (Term Paper Sample) Content: Biological AgingQuestion 1: What, in a biological sense, is aging?A) In a few sentences, define aging in humans.Aging refers to the gradual changes in physiological processes as well as structure in humans with the passage of time, Senescence declines biological functions and reduces the bodys ability to cope with metabolic stress( Bilder,2016).B) List four organ systems or biological processes in the human body that change with age, and briefly, describe the underlying biological causes of those changes. (20 sentences )- The Skin-Thymus-Thyroid gland-The bladderChanges in physiological processes and structure with time may affect the normal functioning of cells, tissues, and organs. Senescence declines various biological functions as well reduces the bodys ability to adapt to metabolic stress. Inability to get rid of oxidative stress agents such as free radicals may make the body cells and organs susceptible to diseases like cancer. In the skin during senescence ther es loss of subcutaneous fat, hair follicles, and melanocytes, blood flow to the skin is also decreased thus reducing nerve ending sensitivity. As a result of this change, the skin loses some of its properties such as thermoregulation and pathogen barrier function. Loss of elasticity is also experienced leading to the formation of wrinkles. The elderly individual will be prone to pathogenic invasion and abnormal temperature changes. Thymus an organ in the immune system shrinks with time, The population of nave T cells depends on the rate of formation in the thymus. Aging leads to involution of the thymus hence reducing the rate at which nave T cells are produced. Memory T cell population therefore deteriorates and weaken with age; this explains why immunity declines with an increase in age. The size of the thyroid gland an organ in the endocrine system also reduces with age. A change in size of thyroid gland may lead to a change in metabolic processes. Morphological and physiological modifications in the thyroid gland may develop health complications. Thyroid disorder is common among the elderly. Change in metabolic processes either increase thyroxine levels above normal or reduces it below optimum. The bladder an organ in the urinary system is also affected by the process of senescence. It undergoes morphological changes, and its capacity is reduced by half in the elderly. That's why old men urinate frequently.C) Is there a difference between the process of aging and diseases that occur more often in old age? Briefly, state why you have concluded this. Be specific. (20 sentences)Theres no difference. The process of senescence is the etiology of these diseases hence the reason why they are associated with the elderly. A change in physiological and metabolic processes as a result of senescence might develop health complications. Aging in humans is associated with an increase in oxidative stress. Failure of the body cells to adapt to metabolic stress due to senes cence increases the levels of reactive oxygen species in the body.ROS will attack the bodys macromolecules like DNA forming DNA adducts as well as lipids generating a chain of reaction known as lipid peroxidation.DNA, lipids and protein damage during senescence as a result of oxidative stress is the cause of many diseases associated with aging(Nimse Pal, 2015).Involution of the thymus as a consequence of the process of aging leads to the etiology of autoimmune diseases. Senescence affects the immune system particularly the thymus. The thymus shrinks and T cells formation reduce hence the rate of T cells elimination exceeds the rate of formation. Loss of T regulatory cells may lead to the increase of autoimmune reactions as well as inflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor will facilitate inflammation (Howcroft et al., 2013). .Autoimmune disorders that are common among the elderly will occur. Disorders like Hashimotos thyroiditis, Rheumatoid Arthritis are e xamples of autoimmune and inflammation-related diseases associated with old age. Clots and plaque formation in the blood vessels due to senescence is another common disorder among the elderly. Cerebrovascular system disorder is characterized by the hardening of the arteries and loss of elasticity.The heart muscles reduce in size due to senescence.This leads to cardiopulmonary diseases a defect that is so common among the elderly.Nerve cells lose dendrites as they age.Biosignal processes are affected by these spontaneous changes. Cells, therefore, lose communication, and the sense of hearing and sight are greatly affected. It is evident that diseases that occur mostly during old age are as a result of time-related change in the bodys structure, physiological and metabolic processes.D) At what age do the processes of aging begin?Increase in biochemical and a genetic defect with time is believed to facilitate senescence. A spontaneous change in the genetic makeup of a human being with time modifies the metabolic process. Gene expression is altered, and the process of transcription and translation takes a new path. Expression of defective genes might result from the synthesis of defective proteins. Research has shown that aging begins when normal genes are gradually replaced with broken ones, accumulation of these defective genes increases senescence. This explains why metabolic processes are modified during senescence. Reproductive genes are replaced with broken ones, and hence fertility reduces with increase in senescence. Structures known as telomeres situated at the ends of a chromosome gradually becomes shorter with age signifying reduction in cell division. When it shortens to a critical length, cell division stops and the process of senescence starts. At 25 years old senescence begins, but its followed by subsequent cell division. With time the rate of senescence increases as the rate of cell division decreases. At 40 years of age aging in humans takes a ne w course and cell division stops. The new phase of senescence will affect teeth, heart, hair, bones, and sexuality. Bones weaken and decrease in size. Senescence also leads to behavioral and psychological changes.Question 2: Why does aging occur?Discuss two hypotheses on what causes the cells in our body to age. Include the scientific evidence supporting each hypothesis. Which hypothesis do you think is more likely to be correct, and why. Are these hypotheses necessarily mutually exclusive? (30 sentences)There is an assumption that external forces and environmental pressures facilitate aging, cells and organs are exposed to this condition, and they are damaged, accumulation of damaged cells and organs triggers senescence. Another assumption is that senescence is genetically triggered and programmed. Two types of theory try to explain the process of senescence. That is damage based and programmed ideas. Damage based theory denotes that the accumulation of damaged bimolecular without their replacement facilitates aging and death. Cells and organs are subjected to external forces and pressures leading to their damage and cellular dysfunction. Accumulation of this damaged cells and organs initiates senescence and eventually death. Programmed theories, on the other hand, imply that aging is programmed in the genetic makeup of an invidual and the change in the gene expression system of the genome facilitates aging and death. In this theory, there is an assumption that internal molecular clock controls the rate of growth and development of an individual. Changes in the gene expression system are regulated by these internal molecular clocks. These spontaneous changes are programmed in the genetic makeup of an individual hence aging in this theory is genetically triggered. I think the programme theory of aging is more likely to be true. Its more convincing to say that senescence is genetically programmed than to say that its triggered by external forces and pressures. Most damaged, abnormal proteins and cellular dysfunction processes are as a result of the change in the gene expression system spontaneously. Mutations regulated by internal molecular clocks of the genome are greater than the ones triggered by external environmental factors. Programmed theory of aging is, therefore, more sensible than damage theory of aging. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Damage based approach also recognizes some aspects of genetics while programmed theory recognizes some aspects of environmental factors. Damage theory considers protective and defensive genes and their role in senescence. The programmed approach also considers that interaction of organs and cells with the environment may result in aging at some extent (Bengtson Settersten Jr,2016).Question 3: Is aging inherited?Is there a genetic basis for aging? Explore the evidence and discuss whether a persons genes can influence how rapidly they age. Give at least two pieces of evidence that sugg est there is a genetic component to aging. (20 sentences)Aging is determined by genetic factors like telomeres and the genome. The length of the telomeres structures found at the end of the chromosomes is shortened to a critical length, and senescence begins. They signify the end of cell division and the beginning of senescence. Any alteration of the gene expression system of an individual will also affect his or her senescence. The genome controls aging process. Inheritance of defective genes might lead to premature aging. Research has shown that aging is inherited. Transfer of defective genes from parents to offspring facilitates senescence. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA results in aging. Transfer of mutated mitochondrial genes from mother to offspring and their up-regulation enhances aging. When mutated mitochondrial genes ...

The Differences In The Parenting And Parenthood Concepts In Cultures - 1925 Words

The Differences In The Parenting And Parenthood Concepts In Cultures (Essay Sample) Content: Parenting and Parenthood Name Institutional Affiliation Authors Note I have written the research paper with the intention of expounding on the sociological perspective and theories related to family and kinship. The differences in the parenting and parenthood concepts across various cultures in the world will also be analysed. Parenting and Parenthood Family and Kinship A family is an important social institution that has been extensively studied by sociologists. Family and kinship are related concepts although there is a difference between them. Through an analysis of our lives, it is evident that the two concepts play a significant role from birth until old age. The form of relationship that we establish between the two have a significant impact on members of all communities and affects how they perceive the world. Generally, a family is a group including the parents and the children while a kinship can be understood through the blood relationship of individuals (Mair, 1984). Parenting and parenthood are essential concepts that ultimately determine kinship and family values depending on the approach given by various communities around the world. A family is the smallest unit of any society and therefore, one of the most important institutions that facilitate the proper societal functioning. The concept of the family is not only essential in the modern world but was also important in the pre-modern setting when hunting and gathering was the way of life. George Peter Murdock is one of the classical scholars to make significant contributions to this field of study. He considered the family as a social group that shares a common residence, cooperate economically and reproduces to pass on the values to the offspring (Miller, 2002). In this setting, two adults are supposed to have a socially approved sexual relationship in order to have or adopt children. Kinship has been defined by many scholars using the common idea of blood relationship that is established through aspects such as marriage, adoption or genetic relations. At the basic level, Kinship has the family and later extend to an entire clan. From this approach, it is evident that the family is more restrictive compared to kinship which implies a relatively larger number of members. A profound analysis of the different cu ltural contexts in the world reveals that kinship can differ. There are societies and tribes that carry out rituals which affect the conventional understanding of the kinship concept. However, it is essential to underscore the fact that kinship covers a wide array of roles, responsibilities, duties and privileges. In the modern society, the Asian community has the best form of kinship which is valued and followed to determine the manner that the society is structured (Bhatti, 2002). Patterns in Parenting and Parenthood Before delving into kinship and how the family functions, it is essential to understand the concept of parenting, how it has changed over time, and the manner that different communities in the world perceive it. As the caregiver of the offspring, a parent is supposed to be well versed with the history of the family and its experiences. A parent-child relationship should have the mother and the father playing an active role in modelling the child beliefs and behaviou r (Walsh, 2015). In some communities, the person referred as the father may not be the biological parent like the Malagasy where the Tanala Tribe where a man claims that the first three children born by a divorced wife are his (Kottak, 1971). The case in Australia is also unique in as far as the system of families and kinship is concerned. Some Australian tribes divide the society into classes, and a child born in a given class can only marry from within (Spence, 2004). These people can have from four to eight classification levels that even permit the marriage between cousins. Despite these differences, it turns out that the formation of relationship vary once a union is established. Within a certain range, there are responsibilities and duties that members are supposed to carry out. The Yoruba people in Nigeria have a unique system too in which the term father refers to the male biological parent, his brothers and the brothers of the female biological parent (Thornton & Frickle, 1 987). A great variation would then be observed among the Hawaiians in Polynesia where the term ‘Makua’ is used for both parents as well as their brothers and sisters (Thornton & Frickle, 1987). In the modern westernised societies, the family has evolved, and the importance of the kinship system has subsequently changed. The Indians, for example, have a built-in system that touches on the widows laying claims of a shade relationship. In important ceremonies like weddings, no kin should be absent, therefore enjoying the privilege of invitations. In some unenlightened societies around the world, extended members of a family must be consulted and actively engaged in important kins activities such as marriage and education but the pattern changes in an urban setting where these activities are reduced to mere formalities (Shenk et al., 2016). Sociological Perception of Parenthood The concept of parenthood is understood from various perspective depending on the communi ty being focused on. However, there are conventional approaches that are accepted across all societies. One of the agreed upon ideas is that parenthood as a child-caring aspect. Caring for the children is an important aspect that the family underscores. Caring implies protecting the siblings, attending to their needs and feeding them (Bornstein, 2001). Effective care creates an affection and child feels an important member of a given family. The form of activities that comprises child care might vary depending on the dominant religion, social norms and the laid down laws. The law, for example, often rules that parents are caregivers until the young ones have attained maturity and thus, no longer dependent on any form of support. From a religious perspective, some societies hold the belief that the creator assigned them the duty of taking care of the innocent souls. As a result of these beliefs, parents worry about inculcating negative habits which have negative impacts on their char acter, expression of themselves and the degree of trustfulness. Parenting is also understood and explained from a family-making perspective. In some communities, children are first conceived in order to consider a family as having being established. Enlarging a family is further affected by cultural, political and economic factors that have made people opt for contraceptives to prevent children from being a burden hence, their needs cannot be adequately met. Abortive effects have also been critical in postponing family making until a later and more convenient time. Having children is a way of continuing the family and in some communities, a mean of reassuring immortality when one dies. Parental power is essential in ensuring that young ones are effectively socialized through instilling common values. Raising children is also considered as an important aspect of parenthood in various communities around the world. Parents ensure that their children have the best characters, tas tes and values in order to prevent chances of deviant behaviours that attract negative sanctions. Playing these roles makes parents be the first teachers who teach language, domestic skills as well as moral values. The period that parents take to raise their children varies depending on cultural beliefs, customs and economic factors. In most cases, children are left upon maturity age and being capable of providing for themselves. Parenting and Parenthood across Communities Over time, parenting has changed as people adopt western cultures. The culture is however not perfect because developed nations like the United States is currently undergoing a crisis because very few parents understand the concept of parenting (Riskind & Patterson, 2010). As a result, there is a high dependence on the advice from experts in order to make children successful and productive members in the future. This lack of knowledge places the children at a high risk of growing in a troubling manner in which th ey learn and discover things on their own because the parents are either clueless about parenting or too busy to mould and direct them towards a brighter and promising future. In Scandinavian countries like Norway, parenting is taking as a serious concept in which the government play an active role. At a young age, children join daycare’s that are state-sponsored. Norwegian authorities must have realised that parenting is a critical aspect and when people are left to do it depending on their little knowledge, a confused generation is likely to emerge (Lorensen et al., 2004). A similar approach is adopted in Japan where there is a strong belief that children should learn about being independent and doing things on their own. At night, the children are supposed to have ample time with their parents. For example, there is the right to have the parents’ bodies as their comfort at night, a provision which should not be denied. The idea is more emphasized in Korea where parents spend most of their time with children making physical contact (Cote et al., 2015). Parenting in the Jewish communities lays emphasis on other aspects such as ensuring that children are taught how to swim (Bitter, 2014). The act is meant to make them independent and learn that making mistakes in life can land them into problems. American parents are however different because they are more protective and do not believe that the young ones should be exposed to dangers, violence or even predators. Besides, the culture encourages people to nurture the talents so that the children are prepared to become successful people in life. The parenting environment in Netherlands however different from ...

Common English Sports Idioms for ESL Learners

Have you ever read an article in Newsweek or Time magazine? If you have, I am sure that you noticed what an important role sporting events play in the creation of idiomatic language in American English. It is quite common to read statements like, President Clinton informed reporters that he felt his environmental program was in the home stretch and that he had hit a home run with his appointment of Mr. X as the ambassador to Y. This language can confuse speakers of English as a second language. Therefore, this feature concerns such language because of the importance it plays in everyday usage in both spoken, and written English in the United States. Below is a fictional conversation chock full of (idiomcontaining many examples of) idioms taken from sporting events. In the repeat of the conversation, the idioms are highlighted and explained. Closing a Deal (In a typical office somewhere in New York) Bob: Well, is Trevisos going to play ball or are we going to strike out on this deal?Pete: The latest locker talk is that our game plan is a real contender for the contract.Bob: Yeah, the other team has two strikes against it after they fumbled last week.Pete: They had a great chance of scoring but I think Trevisos thought they werent up to scratch on some of the details.Bob: They pretty much put themselves into a no win situation by stalling for time on the figures from Smiths and Co. If we can get to home at the next meeting I think that we should be able to take the ball and run.Pete: If our numbers are right, we should be able to call the shots from here.Bob: We just need to jockey ourselves into position to close the deal.Pete: Make sure that you take along your team players next week. I want to be sure that everyone is playing with a full deck and that everyone can field any question asked.Bob. Ill take Shirley and Harry along. They are no second stringers, they can present the ballpark figures and then I will bring it on home.Pete: Great, good luck with the pitch! It seems almost impossible to understand if you dont understand sports idioms! However, these and other idioms are common in daily usage. It is well worth your time to learn these idioms, especially if you work or live with Americans. Now, let me help you with the above passage. Each idiom is explained in its sports context, and in its idiomatic usage in everyday language. Bob: Well, is Trevisos going to play ball (baseball-play a game, idiom-do business with) or are we going to strike out (baseball-go out, idiom-fail) on this deal (idiom-contract)?Pete: The latest locker talk (general sports-talk among the players, idiom-gossip, rumors) is that our game plan (American football-plan which plays to make, idiom-plan of action) is a real contender (boxing- very possible winner, idiom-person with a good chance of success) for the contract.Bob: Yeah, the other team has two strikes against it (baseball-one step from going out or loosing, idiom-close to not succeeding) after they fumbled (American football-lose possession of the ball, idiom-make a serious mistake) last week.Pete: They had a great chance of scoring (any sport-to make a point, idiom-to succeed) but I think Trevisos thought they werent up to scratch (horseracing-not capable of winning, idiom-not having the right qualities) on some of the details.Bob: They pretty much put themselves into a no-win situation (baseball-impossible to win, idiom-impossible to succeed) by stalling for time (American football-to delay the game, idiom-to delay information or a decision) on the figures from Smiths and Co. If we can get to home (baseball-score a run, idiom-complete the desired action) at the next meeting I think that we should be able to take the ball and run (American football-continue to go forward, usually a long distance, idiom-continue in the right direction).Pete: If our numbers are right, we should be able to call the shots (basketball-to decide who shoots, idiom-to make the decisions) from here.Bob: We just need to jockey ourselves into position (horseracing-put yourself into a good position to win the race, idiom-to move into position to succeed) to close the deal.Pete: Make sure that you take along your team players (general sports players who work together with other players, idiom-people who work together with other staff) next week. I want to be sure that everyone is pla ying with a full deck (cards-having all the necessary cards, idiom-having the correct mental abilities, not stupid) and that everyone can field (baseball-to stop a hit ball, idiom-to handle or deal with) any question asked.Bob. Ill take Shirley and Harry along. They are no second stringers (team sports-second class members of the team, idiom-less important workers), they can present the ballpark figures (baseball-the place where the game is played idiom-general financial numbers) and then I will bring it on home (baseball-to score a run, idiom-to finish with success)Pete: Great, good luck with the pitch (baseball-to throw the ball to the batter, idiom-to present the subject)! For more work on vocabulary related to sports visit: Verbs Used with SportsEquipment Used with SportsPlaces Used with SportsMeasurements Used with Sports

We make our own destiny Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Ishmael Beah, how he shaped his destiny Ishmael Beah’s autobiography Ishmael Beah was born on 23 November 1980 in Sierra Leone, a West African State. His native country was one which new civil war all too well as it broke out in 1991. He became a boy soldier when he lost his father and his two brothers to the war at the age of thirteen. Fortunately, UNICEF came to his aid at the age of thirteen as they put an end to his involvement in the war. They put him in a reformation centre in the nation’s capital Freetown. He successfully completed his reformation process in 1996 after which he represented his country as a delegate to attend a UN conference on the effects of civil war and unrest. Contrary to the expectation of many, Ishmael went back to his country to speak on his life experience as a child soldier to encourage others not to choose the same path. It is true that we make our own destiny and that what life throws at people can be a stepping stone to successful. We will write a custom essay sample on We make our own destiny or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This paper will base its focus on this argument by considering his life and times as portrayed in his book, the battles that he faced that made him inspirational to many. Additionally, it will show how he took charge of his life therefore shaping his destiny. It will also examine the fact that individuals are in charge of their destiny and that fate and Karma are in significant in one’s life. Battle with drug addiction and the choices he made As a boy soldier, Beah witnessed violence first hand by knowing to handle a gun and deplore a human being of his life (Beah 1). His watching of his brother die right before his eyes also made him become ruthless and thirsty for revenge. The number of deaths captured in his head for the two years he was a soldier remained permanently embedded in his mind, which made him emotionally scarred. He saw the plight of the children whom he trained with, the nature of the training curricula was not favorable for the young as it was physically draining. Many children could not endure the suffering therefore lost their lives because they were not productive to the army. Child soldiers at that time were easy to manipulate and therefore were easy to brainwash unlike male adults (Finley 45). They also provided cheap labor to the army, as they did not know their rights. This proved effective, as the only thing they had to learn was how to cock a gun and firing it. Deep down, Ishmael knew that he was destined for greatness as when opportunity to better his life presented itself he took it and ran away with.

Internship Orientation Process And My Internship - 2204 Words

Introduction The purpose of this report is to give an overall review of my internship during the Spring 2016 semester. I will be discussing the internship orientation process and what I did to prepare for this internship. I will also share about the four primary activities I performed as well as my experiences. The application of technology, sustainable construction and energy and environmental awareness will also be discussed. Communication skill enhancement along with legal and ethical issue awareness are also topics that will be covered. I will also share some of the many lessons I have learned during my internship. Lastly I will discuss my overall assessment of the internship and any recommendations that I may have. Internship Orientation and Preparation For the orientation part of my internship I was required to do some items. First off I looked up all the companies that were going to be at the career fair and picked ten that I was interested in. I then researched those ten companies and found out information about them. Second I was required to attend the career fair. Once I was there I went and spoke with all ten companies that I researched. After I spoke with those companies a few of them were interested in me and called me back for an interview. The interviews went really well and all of them asked me to do a site visit on a certain day but after my site visit with History Maker Homes they offered me and I said yes. I was required to turn in a Master InternshipShow MoreRelatedMy Experience At Wyomissing Home Depot Human Resources Department942 Words   |  4 PagesDuring this internship experience, I have learned many useful skills that have lead me to be the person I wan to be today. From college classes to work experience, I now have the ability to transcend upon internship experiences that can shape my perspective of life. For my last internship, I chose to intern at The Wyomissing Home Depot Human Resources Department. The human resources associates are responsible to maintain a positive work environment among employees. For the most part, human resourcesRead MoreIntern At Anslow Bryant Construction1330 Words   |  6 Pagessummarize my experiences as an intern at Anslow Bryant Construction, Ltd. I will discuss the internship orientation and preparation, activities and experiences, and the application of technology. I will continue on to the energy and environmental awareness, and sustainable construction, and communication shill enhancement. I will conclude this report with legal and ethical issue awareness, lessons learned, and the overall assessment and recommendations of the internship. Internship Orientation and PreparationRead MoreCompletion Education Of Construction Management, And Applied It Towards An Internship1588 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The final internship report is a way to reflect on your overall assessment on how you taken the prior education of construction management, and applied it towards an internship. As well as expressing new experiences that happened during the internship that school courses did not prepare you for or not taught yet. These topics are covered by explaining the primary task that was performed throughout the internship, and how technology was utilized in completing the responsibilities. WhileRead MoreInternship At Metropolitan State University Of Denver1521 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as clinicals, externships, internships, hands-on experience, and so forth, but these terms basically mean the same thing (Makely, 2013). 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In my Estimating I and my Estimating II class we learned how to meas ure materials and price them. This was a skill that was applied all throughout my internship as mentioned in the past slides. Per my Project Management class, effective communication was taught. Since I am bilingualRead MoreCareer Within The Sports Management Field1276 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of my passion for fitness and athletics. My major was first Fitness and Health Promotions before I transferred to the University of Alabama, but I decided to change my major to public relations so I could work within the business aspect of sports. Working in a fast paced environment with a great deal of interaction between various other positions is the perfect career for me and public relations is exactly that. Public relations is defined as a strategic communication process that buildsRead MoreMy Experience As An Intern For The Semester Of Fall1351 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In this report I will discuss my experience as an intern for the semester of fall, 2015. For the past few months I have partaken in a residential construction internship building custom homes and renovations through a non-profit organization for veterans and the elderly. Internship Orientation and Preparation My internship began on August 17th. Throughout the first 2 weeks there was another intern at the company. Throughout those two weeks the other intern mentored me and gave me adviceRead MoreMy Scholarship and Life Abraod844 Words   |  3 Pagesfellow students of the same age, but from a different culture. When my parents decided to settle down in Colorado during my high school years there was no more visiting museums, going to national parks and doing other field trips to immerse myself educationally and recreationally like I did growing up. A lot of my education in high school was stuck in classrooms reading books and listening to lectures about the world. I felt like my education was going backwards because I did a lot less moving and

Essay about Critique of the Communist Manifesto - 861 Words

Assignment No. 3: Critique of the Communist Manifesto Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels Communist Manifesto is one of the worlds most influential pieces of political literature. The manifesto was created for the purpose of outlining the aims and goals of the The Communist League. The Communist League was made up of radical proletariats who were fed up with the bourgeoisie social order and sought to overthrow them. The manifesto is known to have been written by Marx and assisted and edited by Engel therefore the many ideas and theories expressed by this work are known as Marxism. Marxism has many poignant views on changing society and its class structure, and what needs to be done to achieve these changes. The Marxism theories do fall†¦show more content†¦The manifesto continues with Marxs belief that capitalism is very unsteady and that this class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat is inevitable under this system. But Marx explains that the only means for communism to spread in a society ruled by capitalism and clas s distinctions is by revolution. A problem with Marxism is that this whole concept reflects on creating an imaginary future which is filled with all the answers to the problems of the workers in modern society. The only way people will be able to reach this future is by forfeiting all their personal hopes and dreams for the sake of the proletariat class. Marx undermines the fact that all people do not share the same desires, and that his idea of upheaval of the bourgeoisie might not entice the public as a whole. Especially since Marxism revolutions will meet a violent event in time, where the bourgeoisie and proletariat will clash. This conflict is not the most convincing means for change (for individuals who seek a peaceful way of living). As well Marx never gives a good description for how the proletariat should govern the state once they take power. John Locke proposes in the Second Treatise on Government that The earth, and all that is therein, is given to men for the support an d comfort of their being. Which raises the question how could someone differentiate common propertyShow MoreRelatedMarxist Critique Of The Communist Manifesto, Marx And Engels2021 Words   |  9 PagesMill’s Liberal Response to Marx’s Communist Critique of Capitalism Yujun Huang In The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels present the flaws of the modern capitalistic society by pointing out its unfair ruling class, the phenomenon of alienation, and excessive individuality in order to emphasize the aim of Communism of eliminating economic gaps between the social classes. According to On Liberty, Mill would respond to Marx by agreeing with Marx’s fundamental ideals and disagree with his socialistRead MoreMarx, Mill And Freud s Critique Of Political Economy And The Communist Manifesto Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagestackle the topic of freedom in unique ways, but their messages are fundamentally the same and continue the ideas that we encountered in the esoteric texts as well as in The Matrix: . First, we have Karl Marx’s Capital: Critique of Political Economy and The Communist Manifesto, where we encounter the proletariat, or the working-class people regarded collectively. In these two texts, the latter of which was co-authored by Frederick Engels, we learn that the proletariat is enslaved just like the peopleRead MoreCommunism Created By Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels799 Words   |  4 Pagesthis is when his interest and critique of religion and government began. When he went to university he joined the Young Hegelian movement, and he produced a radical critique of Christianity (Kreis, 2000). After the critique in the Young Hegelian movement he became an editor for Rheinische Zeitung powerful liberal newspaper. After some controversial articles by Marx the Prussian government shut it down. He then went to France. During his time in France he became a communist and set down his views inRead MoreCommunist Manifesto, And Estranged Labor1173 Words   |  5 Pagesalwa ys put down. When I think of a communist society I envision North Korea. A society that most people do not know much about other than the fact that people have zero rights, everything is monitored, only propaganda is released, and it is overall a horrible way of life. The first time my eyes were open up to the idea that communism may not be all that bad was reading Marx’s â€Å"Communist Manifesto† and â€Å"Estranged Labor.† Marx successfully challenged the critiques put forward on such a controversialRead MoreMarx And Engels s Critique And Critique Of Capitalism1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe specialised critique of capitalism found in the Communist Manifesto (written by Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels), provides a basis for the analysis and critique of the capitalist system. Marx and Engels wrote about economical in relation to the means or mode of production, ideology, alienation and most fundamentally, class relations (particularly between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat). Collectively, these two men created the theory of Marxism. There are multiple critiques of Marxism thatRead MoreConflict Theory, Karl Marx, and the Communist Manifesto Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesConflict Theory, Karl Marx, and The Communist Manifesto In order to understand Marx a few terms need to be defined. The first is Bourgeoisie; these are the Capitalists and they are the employers of wage laborers, and the owners of the means of production. The means of production includes the physical instruments of production such as the machines, and tools, as well as the methods of working (skills, division of labor). The Proletariat is the class of wage-laborers, they do not have their ownRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1453 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Communist Manifesto, a document that first proclaimed the ideology of communism itself, Marx declared that the â€Å"history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels). As a man who spurred resentment of governments and inspired revolutionaries, Karl Marx is often regarded as a man who led to the rise of 20th century tyrannical dictators such as Stalin and Mao to take power. His ideas are regarded as fai lures and, by some, are seen asRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to begin explaining Communism and its goals. The Manifesto suggests that history acts according to what is called â€Å"class struggle.† The â€Å"means of production† are what truly defines the class relationships according to Marx and Engels (Marx 2002). Inevitably, the classes conflict and become hostile, no longer moving fluidly (Spalding 2000). The Manifesto states that this conflict becomes so severe that it eventually becomes a revolutionRead MoreThe Marxist Model Of Class Struggles1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Marxist Model is thoroughly used throughout the duration of The Communist Manifesto to break down the complexity of the pamphlet into 3 parts. The 3 parts include history, economics, and social class; each collaboratively explaining the alienation of certain socia l classes and how class struggles arise. Karl Marx presents the notion that history is inevitable and the idea of class struggles will always be present in society. Marx recounts the numerous times in society where social classes crashedRead MoreKarl Marx And Friedrich Engels1224 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels were asked to write a manifesto for a group that they had recently been accepted into, a group known as the â€Å"Communist League,† a group of activists that met in London. Marx and Engels – though Engels primarily took care of editing and revising, Marx did a large amount of the writing – would write The Communist Manifesto for this group. After the manifesto was published, it became one of the most well-known as well as influential pieces of philosophy, and is the reason

Egypt And Mexican Culture Essay Example For Students

Egypt And Mexican Culture Essay For many centuries people have been fascinated by ancient cultures and treasures. During the last two centuries the science of archeology and modern inventions allowed people to get inside of the Egyptian and Mayan pyramids and discover the treasures of Egyptian pharaohs and Mayan rulers. Most of what we know about Egypt we owe to the pyramids. Thanks to Egyptian belief in the afterlife we can now find out about the civilization that existed nearly five thousand years ago. Egyptian culture is not the only culture that left us its heritage in pyramids. In America we find pyramids build by civilizations of Olmec and Maya about 7th century CE. These pyramids had different purposes and usage then the ones in Egypt but they stand as memorials to ancient civilizations as well. Egyptian people believed in life after death. One of the way pharaohs prepared themselves for the afterlife journey was by building a pyramid and putting there all their belongings and riches. Egyptian people believed that pharaoh is the closest person to the God and treated him accordingly. That is the reason for Egyptian tombs being full with the golden jewelry, precious stones and art objects. Most of the time art objects were not considered a treasury but they played their particular role in religious rituals. Jars were holding food and drinks for pharaohs journey, so he would not get hungry and would have food and drinks to offer to the Gods. The figurative sculptures were suppose to accompany Ka spiritual entity in its lonely stay or serve as a twin for the mummy. If something happens to the mummy the ka could use the sculpture of the pharaoh for the revelation. As well as for Egyptians religion was an everyday concern for many of the Maya, whether the dynastic ruler, the zealous priest, or the humble believer. Maya has an extensive religion structure which we can not know in details. Chac and Itzamna are the most famous gods of Mayan culture. Hunahpu and Xbalanque are among the most interesting mythical characters. One of the most crucial gods was Tlaloc, who was worshiped in various guises by the culture of Teotihuacan, the Toltec of Tula, and later Aztecs. The Maya received the cult of Tlaloc during the 4th century more or less. The Cauac Monster, also known as the Witz monster, is a dominant supernatural concept in Maya religion, as are caves, cenotes, and other holy places Maya Civilization pars. The Maya built shrines, temples, and pyramids in honor of their gods, as well as to their kings, who ruled by all-encompassing concept of Divine power. Most of Mayan pyramids are temples to the gods, not the burial tombs as in Egypt. Even though Maya sometimes buried there their rulers they always put the temple on the top of the pyramid. Egyptians had temples near the pyramid or right next to it for the ceremonial services, but it never was placed on top of the structure. Also buildings in both cultures have a lot in common in their visual characteristics they are different structures. Egyptian pyramids originally had smooth equal sides meeting on the top in the perfect apex. Mayan pyramids look like one huge stairway towards the sky. It reminds of earliest Egyptian structures-mastabas, where one layer of stones was put onto another creating the effect of pyramid. Also The Tikal Temple on Great Plaza was originally plastered white. Then the roof comb was painted with reds, blues, and other colors to accent the different areas of sculptural decoration. These roof combs were like giant billboards, with immense portrayals of the enthroned king, larger then life size Cities pars. . Egyptians never colored their religious structures. As well as in Egyptian pyramids, the stone used to construct Mayan pyramids is local limestone, obtained from nearby quarries. The ancient Maya had no stone tools but limestone is soft enough that the Maya could utilize chert tools to work the stone in to neat rectangular building blocks. Egyptian pyramids served as huge tombs and they were constructed in such a way so they would stand for thousand years. Egyptians did not know when the spirit would return into the dead body. Culture Shock EssayAlthough the original identification with the tomb owner was never lost, the figures were seen primarily as workers who performed a service for the deceased, and they became known by the ancient Egyptians as shabits. Rapidly shabit-figures came to represent the deceaseds servants in the afterlife and were so popular that they replaced the model servant statues previously deposited in upper-class graves of the Old and Middle Kingdoms Life sect. 1. One of the most important traditions in the Egyptian culture was the mummification of the dead body. According to Egyptian religion the body had to be intact in order for Ka to return. Mummification of the dead body was a complicated and long process. The famous Greek historian Herodotus reported on the Egyptian practice of mummification: They take first a crooked piece of iron, and with it draw out brain through the nostrils, thus getting rid of a portion, while the skull is cleared of the rest by rinsing with drugs; next they make a cut along the flank with a sharp Ethiopian stone, and take out the whole contents of the abdomen, which they then cleanse, washing it throughly with palm wine, and again frequently with an infusion of pounded aromatics. After this they fill the cavity with the purest bruised myrrh, with cassia, and every other sort of spicery except frankincense, and sew up the opening. Herodotus sect. 1 After these procedures were done the body was placed in natrum for saventy days. They put the body into the wooden coffin which was shaped into the man figure. Sometimes the wooden coffin was placed into the golden one decorated by precious stones and paint. In Mayan culture we find no evidences that any techniques of mummification were used. In the humid climate of Central America it is very hard to preserve a dead body for such a long time that is needed for the mummification process. As we can see Mayan and Egyptian cultures have a lot in common. However, some major differences can be found. Mayan religion was not obsessed with an afterlife beliefs as Egyptians were. Their pyramids were built either for Gods or as a memorial to the dead ruler or priest. Egyptians built their pyramids for the dead. Their buildings were meant to be used in the other life by the great spirits buried in them. Some visual differences also occur. Most of the Mayan pyramids are shorter then the ones at Giza site. They are not sealed forever but has an access for the priests and authorized people. The major difference is that Maya put the shrine right on top of the pyramid. The stairs led from the ground to the top of the pyramid. This way people thought they would be closer to God. In Egypt only pharaoh was considered to be closer to God therefore an enormous buildings reaching the sky was meant to be the stairway to the heaven only for the pharaoh. Nowadays these both ancient cultures still hold many mysteries for us. Most of the things we know are based on the speculations of the scientists, not on the certain facts. Archeologists working on discovering more and more about the ancient civilizations that existed thousand years ago but appeared much more advanced then we used to think about it. However, many of the documents, scripts and art evidences disappeared during such a long time. Robbers, invaders and weather were the reason for the huge loss of historical items that were kept in ancient Maya cities and along the Nile. I am sure that in the future many of the mysteries will be unfolded, but as for now, ancient people keep fascinate us with their enigmas.

Birth Weights of New Born Babies

Question: Describe about the Birth Weights of New Born Babies. Answer: I. Introduction The data to be analyzed was derived from a randomly selected sample of 116 observations of new born babies in the Local Health District in 2002. In this report, the birth weight of new born babies was recorded and analyzed where the weight was recorded in grams. These 116 observations represented a sample size derived from a population of births from the Local Health District. It was assumed that the sample size was adequate to represent an outcome that could reflect the situation in the population. According to preliminary results obtained (see table 1 below) indicate that the average birth weight new born babies was 3,393.66 grams that was associated with a standard deviation from the average weight of 537.89 grams. This indicated that the birth weights in the sample were scattered away from the average weight. The histogram below shows a wide distribution of the birth weights due to a large standard deviation. The standard error was small at 49.94 grams. The standard error indicates how reliable the average weight is in relation to the population. It represents the standard deviation of the population average. The sample size of 116 observations was adequate to estimate the average weight of new born babies in the population since it was far below the standard deviation of the sample. The minimum birth weight obtained from the sample was 1,644 grams while the maximum birth weight was 4,649 grams. The median, that is also referred to as the 50th percentile was 3,430 grams. The median represents the middle observation when the data is arranged in ascending order. From a statistical standpoint, we can be 95% confident that the average weight of new born babies in the Local Health District will fall 98.92 grams of the average recorded weight. That is, between 3,294.73 grams and 3,492 grams given a sample of 116 new born babies. Table 1: Summary Statistics of the Birth Weight of New Born Babies Figure 1: Histogram for New Born Babies' Birth Weight Figure 1 above shows a large deviation from the average birth weight. The average is between 3300 and 3600 and it can be seen from the graph that it is bell-shaped or almost symmetrically distributed on either side of the average recorded weight that is, it has one peak. The highest peak of the distribution represents the mode (3629). That is, weight value that occurs more often than any other in the sample data does.

The 2012 London Olympic Games Human Resource Management

Introduction The 2012 London Olympic games is an international event, which not only brings the world together, but it also reflects a nation’s coeffective synchronization throughout its planning and successful realization of its objectives and the courage to sustain and harmonize all groups associated with the event.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The 2012 London Olympic Games Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also an event that has rapidly developed a considerable contribution to businesses and other leisure related activities that integrates all forms of tourism at an extensive level. The magnitude of the event comes with the increased growth of both government and corporate involvement, which further complicates the environment that now calls for a high level of resonance from the Olympic committee and event managers who should identify and tune-up with a wider range of stakeholders in order to bring a sense of balance to their needs and main objectives (Iryna 2009, p.10). For this reason, Human Resource Management (HRM) in any goal oriented organization should be deeply concerned with how to secure and coordinate the various kinds of resources that takes account of facilities, materials, finances, and people, who are the most critical yet the most problematic group since they represent the human resource. The environment that surrounds the preparation for the Olympic event is such a challenging task since it deals with a handful of both logistical concerns and a diverse team of individuals, and for this reason, the HRM process is an effective way of designing and staging the event successfully by giving a critical look on the overall Olympic context and learning from past mistakes witnessed in other past events of the same magnitude. Since the Olympic games is a long-awaited event and a highly rated event, it’s always advisable to carefull y note the importance of personnel management through the administrative functions it encompasses in both customary and traditional means that work towards bringing employee motivation and satisfaction with things such as rewards, bonuses, compensation, and the overview of work responsibilities. For this reason, HRM practices are profusely merged with personnel administration to form work groups and effective strategies that will address any challenges that may arise in the course of event planning and job creation which are just some of the primary motivators leading up to the event (Chelladurai Alberto 2006 p. 65).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An effective HRM practice should is expected to consequently recruit, orient and train good employees who are either employed casually or temporarily, in order to acquaint them with the necessary objectives and targets that call for the adequate use of time and resources (Wilton 2010, p.165). The changing alignments in HRM strategy and internal practices in the modernized world is more perceptible when effectively implementing business strategy since the event also aims at making profit, while showcasing brilliance in its management planning. A special consideration should therefore be given to the people, who are usually the ones who convert all the other factors of the Olympic process into ‘real’ resources that can be worked upon. Therefore, a careful way of dealing with the workforce should be very cognizant of their rights, needs and values (Lynn, 2006, p.16). For instance, equipments and facilities such as a computer, basketball, and an ice rink are only resourceful when they are competently used for their purpose in an appropriate manner. Therefore, from this perspective, the 2012 London Olympic Games Committee should combine numerous features that are universally shared with other nonpr ofit associations that have inclusive characteristics of the typical sporting sector in the broadest manner, while also deriving values and main cultural features that specifically correlate the Olympic movement and spirit. The HRM practice for the Olympic Games should be highly prioritized since it is a package of a wide range of products that includes goods and services, which are primary to the event that should also incorporate an elevated consideration into transport, service, food, queues, tickets, the environment, security, and the event merchandises. In other words, the role of strategic HRM is highly emphasized and the importance of its fitting with the external environment (Chelladurai Alberto 2006, p 31-65). Therefore, the general event product should be an inimitable blend of activities which are the operational tools for maximum achievement of the much sought after satisfaction, needs, and aims of the Olympic event upon its instigation and conclusion. The 2012 London O lympic event must then meet all the necessary human needs at all levels which is in concert with the management of human resources. By doing this, the HRM practices will realize a critical process of product planning for its main objectives, while also providing an optimal experience to the audience and the world at large.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The 2012 London Olympic Games Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As an independent Human Resource Consultant, the following outlooks will help guide the UK Olympic committee for the 2012 games on some fundamental concerns and proposals that will help forge unity among the team that comprises thousands of casual and temporary staff. The Human Resource Planning and Recruitment Process The main purpose of the Olympic committee is to formally recognize the main purpose of the event while also monitoring the progress towards realizing these g oals, and the committee members should be responsible on matters dealing with finance, marketing, production, operations, and staffing. The HRM process portrays much more than just the selection an d recruitment of staff and volunteers and the Olympic committee should therefore select a highly competent in-line managers and directors who posses an exemplary experience in such assignments so that they will constantly be their hands, eyes, and ears on the ground in order to oversee the foundation of the overall project while effectives dealing with the personnel who are most instrumental at this stage(Chelladurai Alberto, 2006, p. 31-65). The Human Resource (HR) managers should be tasked with the authority to direct the activities of the people in their departments and any other service areas that are interrelated. Although the authority they posses come with the proficiency of their job description within the HR department, they should not over-exert their implied authority and cruc ial decisions should only be left with the committee members. Each departmental manager should also synchronize personnel activities for the purpose of a functional authority which will ensure that the HR policies and practices are effectively implemented. However, in order to meet the following obligations regarding unity enforcement, the Olympic committee should include various stakeholders and social partners to sequentially address matters dealing with their efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Design and implementation of a staffing policy This policy should encourage equality in the staff hiring process and will emphasize on a thorough examination of job candidates and considerably adhering to their academic or skill qualifications before they are hired. This eliminates nepotism and other forms of corruption associated with the process and significantly promote a diverse pool of job applications. The potential candidates are also required to undertake various personal tests that will confirm their suitability. This brings in professionalism, efficiency, and credibility within the organizations as only the best will be considered. It will also help the process stick to its ethics by eliminating unacceptable interview questions.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this policy can meet its full potential if the hiring decisions take into account the level of degree to which the candidates demonstrate through their past actions the values vital to the project’s philosophy that encourages diverse workplace relationship (Burke Copper 2005, p. 161). This is process stands out to be most fundamental since it will put a pervasive mood on the whole event which is likely to be identified with both local and international stakeholders. This process will ensure that the most skilful and well capable persons are chosen without adhering to the various dimensions of discrimination that may range from race, ethnicity, age, culture, social status, sexual orientation, ethnicity, religion, language, and any other form of preconceived notion. The selection process should not cut off any persons willing to volunteer on the event project and should act on bringing diverse groups together since its one of the main objectives of the whole event. Th e hiring process should also be well structured and convenient for optimal interview training systems with an interview panel overseeing the recruit process with appropriate job duty that is relevant with ones profession and qualifications (Wilton 2010, p. 153). In general, diversity in this process is a first step towards creating an inclusive work environment that will eventually motivate employees, improve the interpersonal skills of staff members, while encouraging creativity and comprehensive innovation. In order to foster local unity that will eventually pass onto the staff, the recruitment process should also engage the local community and organizations together with other selection methods that will give consider the On Demand Recruiting Services (ODRS) since it’s a specialized recruiting service that works to support short-term projects with no expense of keeping hold of traditional search firms. Due to the fact that the Olympic event project works on a specific time line, such recruit services will help in the expenditure planning since they are paid by hour or even on the project worked as an alternative to the percentage fee. The general concept in this process is to manage diversity that will help promote the appreciation of service, thoughts, and understanding which will help unify our employee differences that can eventually turn into an asset with work being done cooperatively, effectively, and more efficiently. Design and implement an anti-harassment policy that protects Diversity Group Members Diverse groups facing any form of harassment and victimization are legally protected in the law and the violation of this law is grounds for punitive action by any disciplinary body. Such claims should first be channeled through departmental heads who should try solving the issue internally. This will help in combating any hate speech or action against minority members. It will motivate competent and talented members join a workplace knowing that they will be judged on merit and not stereotypes (Wilton 2010, p.165). It will also set in harmony in the workplace and improve productivity as no time will be wasted on unwarranted squabbles. However, this policy should be generalized in the workplace so that everyone is included, and by doing this no one is exceptional and can be prosecuted or have his contract being terminated. This will gradually change mindsets and attitudes between employees and set in respect. Design and implement a global equity policy This policy will help to provide all indispensable ingredients needed in the efforts of reducing gender inequalities among the event staff. It will also improve productivity in large through a balanced and fair workplace relations system, in consistent with the organization’s core values. It will provide for equal remuneration of work and its value, and protect genuine workplace representation while enshrining collectiveness. A global employment equity and representatio n in the workplace will make a vast difference in the social and economic fate of many around the world, and as well as improving competitiveness among organizational enterprises. In order for this policy to meet its obligations, organizations should raise staff awareness by designing and conveying programmes that support equity aims (Chelladurai Alberto 2006, p.65). Train Managers on the requirements of the Employment Equity Act This creates a cordial working relationship between the manager and employee because diverse personnel comprise a massive set of values, beliefs, understandings, unique information, and ways of viewing the world. Managers will know the rules and regulations needed when working with a diverse workforce, and this will help in elimination of cases associated with rights infringement. This will also help in solving any grievances within the workplace. It will also help eliminate unfair promotion, training, suspension, test, or demotion of an employee by the ma nagers. Generally it will eliminate stereotype mind-sets at managerial level. However, this fairness in the workplace can be promoted through workshops that will help managers see a positive side of an employee through communication. Managers should openly exhibit and champion diversity in the workplace by investing more time and effort in recognizing and inviting diverse backgrounds into the Olympic project, and also holding out social events that will foster this understanding (Epstein Manzoni 2006, p.222). Implement and Utilize Information Technology to Promote Unity The introduction of Information Technology (IT) in HRM has over the years had a tremendous significance for both the management-employee cooperation and communication. The application of IT in the Olympic project can also be used in a wide range of choices to include alternative options within the work organization. The management should then required to enforce these changes that will make way of the use of technol ogical equipments and facilities that will help foster communication for all associated with the Olympic event(August Jennifer 2004, p.322). However, in order to bring understanding, the management should train and negotiate with its employees and their representatives to sequentially make relevant changes while ensuring that these arrangements will effectively bring proficiency to those working with IT (Desleigh, Marcia Sylvia 2006, p.15). Therefore, by setting up a communication centre, employees are able to communicate with the management and vice versa. The general public can also benefit from this since they can also get any relevant assistance regarding the progress of the Olympic project. Both the HRM system and employees in the 2012 London Olympic project can all utilize various Wireless Communication equipments, and back-to-back digital interconnectivity systems and equipments that rarely requires anything complicated than the standard exchange of e-mails, making phone ca lls to colleagues, and coordinating meeting times since such a global event incorporates individuals from different time zones (August Jennifer 2004, p.322). These technological equipments can also help both management and employees in the coordination of day-day work, while remotely supporting the numerous business activities within the project. As a result, each managerial department should be suitably quipped with communication equipments that will promote the free-flow of work and communication within such a wide personnel network. Incase of an urgent notification or meeting, both the management and staff can remotely communicate through teleconferencing and videoconferencing systems if the situation does not call for a personalized meeting. These equipments will also harmonize coordination among staff of different departments in regards to project budgeting, marketing, sales, ands so on. Since the deployment of IT equipments stands a good chance of eradicating any form of conf usion between employees, each staff member in various departments should be provided with communications equipment in order to maximize their potentiality in the project. The IT form of communication will help eradicate and any type of paper communication that is unreliable. It will also help locate and account for employees who are on site or anywhere else incase of an emergency situation through phone call confirmation or even location them through GPS system. Conclusion These policy procedures are meant to improve the overall HRM level of standards since it’s a major component of any organizational setting that strives to attain a certain objective. The Olympic event is heavily swayed by the current social and environmental trends which have dire consequences if ignored. In this case, a comprehensive HRM system should aim at addressing financial, logistical, and Staff concerns. The prevalent issues concerning employee disunity sets upon stereotypes due to a non-diversified work environment, and the 2012 London games is one event which should detest such claims by promoting unity amongst staff. The increasingly globalized world also calls for a diverse workforce or else, such an event would competitively ‘get beaten’ in the market place, encompass low productivity rates or face image risk. As an instrument against discrimination, organizational diversity can also be viewed as a strategic resource in eliminating this social-vice. Unity can also be promoted effective if employees are duly compensated for an outstanding job done and should not be selective in awarding them. However, some disunity also does arise due to a shortfall in communication and the use of technology can prove to be a tremendous achievement in the overall London Olympic Games. Bibliography Burke, J. R. Copper, L. C. 2005, Reinventing Human Resource Management challenges and new directions, Routledge, New York. p. 161-162. Chelladurai, P. Alberto, M. 2006, Human resou rce management in Olympic sport organizations, Volume 3, Human Kinetics Publishers, Illinois. p. 31-65. Desleigh, D. J., Marcia, J. S. Sylvia, R. 2006. Assistive technology in the workplace. Elsevier Health Sciences. Philadelphia. P 13-15. Epstein, J. M., Manzoni, F. J. 2006, Performance measurement and management control: improving organizations and society, Emerald Group Publishing. West Yorkshire, England. P 214 – 222. Iryna, S. 2009, Managing Diversity in the Workplace,GRIN Verlag, Norderstedt, Germany. Lynn, W. 2006. Human Resource Management for Events: Managing the Event Workforce, Elsevier, Massachusetts. P 14-16. August, E. G. Jennifer, H. M. 2004, Communication Technology Update, Focal Press Massachusetts. P 321-322. Wilton, N. 2010. An Introduction to Human Resource Management, SAGE Publications California. Pp.153 -165. This report on The 2012 London Olympic Games Human Resource Management was written and submitted by user Sarah Hooper to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample Essay Work - Why Your Essay Needs Self Achievement

Sample Essay Work - Why Your Essay Needs Self AchievementWhile preparing to write your essay sample work you need to think about what the essay is about. Is it going to be about a certain issue or should you try to convey as much information as possible about an event? The best way to prepare is to write about yourself and how you feel about the subject at hand.The main concept of this sort of essay is to be about you and what you feel about yourself. You should always make sure that you write about what you truly want to write about, as this is what the essay will be about. If you are trying to persuade someone to agree with you then the ideas that you wish to express should come from inside your own head. Any outside influence should be completely ignored, as that is not how to write about yourself.It is very important to take time out of your day to reflect on what you want to write about. This is the best way to ensure that you do not get distracted and lose sight of the main top ic of the essay. Do not read too many books or newspapers either, as this may cause you to think about what is really important and not the part you wrote in the middle of it all.If you are so busy that you cannot spend time doing this, you may find that you need to hire someone to help you. They will be able to find out what is important and ensure that you write about the right things. Of course, when you are creating your essay it is important to remember that the key to all good essays is self achievement.As long as you carry this out then you will be very well placed to write your essay work. As long as you have the right perspective you will be able to write about what you truly want to. That is the key to every good essay.Of course, there are certain things that you should not do when you are creating your sample essay work. For example, you do not want to make the subject sound as if it is funny. You do not want it to sound as if it is about something that you personally kno w or something that you would enjoy reading. If you do not want to write about anything you know then it is best to get someone else to do it for you.If you have been too busy to get someone to do this for you then you should try to take some time to relax and take the proper perspective that you need. Spend some time thinking about the most important issues and do not forget to write down your ideas. By following this method you should be able to create an essay that will impress any potential employer.With the proper perspective, the use of proper ideas and the fact that you have taken time out of your life to reflect you should be able to write a sample essay work that will impress any employer. This is why so many people find it so difficult to get work. They are not getting the right ideas and therefore cannot achieve their goals.

Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essays

Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essays Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essay Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essay Anti-inflationary policies are the policies taken by the government to announce inflation target lowering it to zero, in the beginning of the year, which at that time is considered optimal. The government wants to keep the inflation level low in an economy. It is the continuous rise in the general price level of goods and services over a period of time in an economy. As we know inflation can cause serious social consequences, if it’s not perfectly anticipated, money as a measure of value or as a medium of exchange is undermined.The issue of credibility The announcement of the government of anti-inflation will form expectations and be embedded into contracts. Wage contracts are also signed in this period. In this circumstance, the policymaker has a chance to induce a surprise inflation leading to an increase in inflation level and a decrease in the level of unemployment. This may be desirable, particularly if the natural level of unemployment is consider ed too high from a social point of view, so that during the year a higher inflation would have been optimal.And as this has been undertaken by the government a number of times, the announcements are not considered credible. The private sector can foresee the consequent move by the government and does not take into account the announcement, since in the past the government induced surprise inflation, although this inducement is not the response to any change in the environment but the change in policy action of the private sector itself. This brings in the time-inconsistency problem, where there are considerable two players, private sector and the policy maker (here, government).Knowing that the final unemployment rate would be UN, the government choose to minimise inflation by promising to drive down ? to 0. The private sector then predicts the government’s final move and makes a choice regardless of the policy and forces the policy maker to make the final decision at ? gt; 0 , which means accommodating positive inflation with no gain in unemployment level: inflationary bias. And countries with high inflationary bias are said to have the credibility problem as the private sector realise the government’s incentive for inducing surprise inflation.This lack of credibility leads to an undesirable aftermath. The monetary authority will have to accommodate higher wage pressures and inflationary expectations in order to keep the unemployment level in control. Although, according to the literature by Kydland and Prescott in 1977 the credibility problems occurs when the monetary authorities have the short run incentive to achieve an output or employment target that is above the NAIRU OR market-clearing level. It can even arise in the absence of conflict of objectives between the private sector and policy maker.The time-inconsistency also arises even if policy maker decides to stabilise the economy at NAIRU but with forward-looking variables like inflation or long-run interest rate or even exchange rate. Solution to time-inconsistency problem The main solution to this time-inconsistency problem causing an inflationary bias, could be a constitutional rule, or a central bank independence combined with an optimal inflation contract (Walsh,1998) or an optimal inflation target (Svensson,1997a). And it is Rogoff who has proposed to delegate monetary policy to an independent and conservative central banker to reduce the inflationary bias.This meant that inflation stabilisation would be given up for output stabilisation. The numerical analysis below explains how the degree of independence and conservativeness effect the level of inflation. (Berger, Haan Eijffinger,2000) The policymakers seek to minimise the loss function of the government which is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is output †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is desired output †¦.. is gove rnment’s weight on output stabilization Lucas supply function by which output is driven is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. is actual inflation †¦.. is expected inflation †¦is a random shock with mean 0 and variance†¦ Taking the inflation expectation as given, the policy makers minimise the loss function on a periodic basis. With rational expectations inflation is: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The first term on the right hand side is the ‘inflationary bias’ and the second term reflects to the degree to which stabilisation of output shocks influence inflation. If a conservative central banker is charge of the monetary policy the loss function would be †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. is additional inflation aversion of the central banker.According to Eijffinger and Hoeberichts ( 1998), the money supply can be modelled as: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦.. is the degree of central bank independence. So, after minimising government’s loss function, with rational expectations, inflation will be depicted as†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Comparing the inflation level it can be seen that the inflationary bias is lower for positive values of †¦.. and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It does show that lower level of inflation will be achieved by delegating monetary policy to a conservative and independent central bank.But if the central banker and the government has the same inflation aversion, (? =0) the independence does not matter and in the same way, if the central bank is fully controlled by the government, (? =0) the conservativene ss does not matter, unless it is the optimal combination of ? and ?. However, McCallum (1995) criticised this solution of reducing inflation bias. He argued that delegation barely relocates the time inconsistency problem rather than resolving it, since the government can still induce surprise inflation if it changes the terms of delegation.But, the time inconsistency problem is reduced to some extent if it’s costly to change delegation. Then again the central bank independence is also dependent on the legislators who can change the law. Legislation of a law to create an independent central bank and authorise it to direct its policies to achieve price stability is one of the mechanisms to overcome the incentive problems of monetary policy. Others include the contracting approach, where application of ideas from principal agent literature is the optimal contract.According to Walsh(1995), an optimal linear inflation contract can eliminate the inflationary bias without distorting the stabilisation policy. And the linear contract can be mapped into an inflation target shown by Svensson(1997). But the problem that occurs with this is that when the inflation is high, the government has no incentive to enforce the contract, it will try to encourage the central bank to be more expansionary when there is high unemployment. According to the empirical evidence it has been seen that central bank independence (CBI) helps to reduce inflation.Cukierman stated that in industrialised countries, CBI and inflation are negatively correlated although in developing countries the CBI index is not correlated with inflation. The cross-country analysis showed an empirical link between credibility and central bank independence. High degree of CBI is said to be associated with low inflation and the economies do not suffer from above-average output volatility. Although the direction of causality is questioned and Posen(1995) suggested that it goes from low inflation to high CBI rath er that the normally assumed ‘high CBI helps to control inflation’.Societies with a stable economic environment are likely to encourage and support independent monetary institutions which, in turn are more effective in controlling inflation. Although the cross-sectional analysis might show misleading results since it omits country-specific features which might be simultaneously correlated to the degree of independence of the central bank(Muscatelli Trecroci, 2000). Theoretically the concept of conservativeness in central bank might work, but practically, it seems void because the positions in the governing board of a central bank are not easy to identify and they change term-wise.Cukierman and Grilli et al. showed that instrument independence effects inflation performance but conservativeness has little or no impact. The emphasis is on the importance of institutions is mixed and the cross-country evidence involves problems of interpretation. Optimal inflation targeting Another measure, inflation targeting can be used to reduce the inflationary bias and many countries has adopted this as their monetary policy regime. It enables the monetary policy to focus on domestic considerations and also is understood by the public and thus highly transparent.With an explicit inflation target, this regime helps to reduce the chance of the central bank to falling in a time-inconsistency trap. And since time-inconsistency is likely to come from political pressures, the central bank can focus on controlling inflation rather than rising economic growth and the number of jobs through expansionary monetary policy(Mishkin,1999). Friedman and Kuttner(1996) have criticised the regime of inflation targeting because, according to them, it imposes a rigid rule on the policy makers and makes it difficult for them to have discretion in responding to unforeseen circumstances.But according to Mishkin(1999) useful strategies those are ‘rule-like’ and involve forwar d looking behaviour, constrains policy makers from undertaking policies with undesirable long-run consequences. Inflation targeting requires that the central bank should use all information available to determine the optimal policy to achieve the inflation target. And it is practised with a substantial degree of discretion. Through its transparency this regime increases the central bank’s accountability, which contains discretion so that it can help to amend the time inconsistency problem.Conclusions According the evidence provided, we can see that both independence and conservativeness matter for inflation performance, provided that the government cannot change delegation at zero cost. The issue of credibility of policies takes the government’s reputation of an economy at stake and causes the time-inconsistency problem. Pressures from government might force the policymakers to take decisions that lead to reduction in the unemployment level at the expense of high infla tion.If the monetary policy is delegated to an independent and conservative central bank that is more accountable, transparent and free from political pressures it can focus on the long-run goals of an economy which is price stability and set policies accordingly and not change its decisions from time to time for a short-run incentive like reduction in the unemployment level. And thus the credibility issue would not be questioned. The private sector learns about the central bank’s intentions through central bank independence.